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4.2.1 Printing Process
The printing process first started using radiation-cured coating technology and still has great potential for development. Because the standard UV curing device is easy to install on the original equipment, thus eliminating the difficulties in the equipment, so that narrow web offset printing, label and stamp screen printing technology can be widely used. Due to the use of a UV curing process, the gloss, adhesion and wear resistance of the ink are improved. The US packaging industry tends to use electron beam curing, while Europe tends to use UV curing. For liquid food packaging board, it is no longer required to use electron beam curing ink to print, and UV curing ink has also been confirmed to be harmless, so that a cheap wire mesh offset printing process can be used to print food packaging board; printing of telephone magnetic cards and credit cards In the process, UV-cured offset printing has also been widely used. Soft printing inks are too viscous and cannot be spread and bonded sufficiently on the film, and there are no suitable high-speed printers and standard equipment for use with the UV system. Therefore, efforts are being made to study water-based soft printing inks and printing presses. Vendors have begun to produce presses that allow the use of higher viscosity inks.
In 1993, the National Bank of Denmark began to use electronic beam curing ink to print banknotes. France and Italy partially used ultraviolet curing, but mainly used offset printing inks, and Australia used UV curing varnish to print new banknotes.
4.2.2 Paper and Cardboard Coating
About 10 years ago, electron-beam curing primers for metal-clad tags and gift wrappings were used, and both water-based and solvent-based varnish systems were selected. As the metal vacuum sprays, the surface emits vapor, so the surface gloss of the product is affected, not like a mirror. In the past 15 years, various methods have been attempted for the silicon copper treatment, and a great deal of work has been done on the UV radical/UV cation system and the electron beam curing process. Due to the low investment in UV cationic curing siloxanes and the need for inert gas protection, their development is extremely rapid.
4.2.3 Wood and Building Materials
This is the largest consumer area, which is mainly the rapid growth of the flooring materials market. Past unsaturated polyester/styrene resin systems have been replaced by more wear-resistant acrylic polyurethanes. In addition, due to the development of UV absorbers and the choice of acrylates with good weatherability, radiation-cured coating products have increased in outdoor applications.
4.2.4 Other aspects
In Japan and the United States, radiation curing is also used in the automotive industry. France has achieved satisfactory results for automotive headlamps, chain protection and hub cap decoration. In addition, a layer of 1 to 3 mm thick adhesive is applied to the automotive glass and exposed to UV light for 7 to 20 minutes. Safety glass (hard) and sound-absorbing glass (soft) can be obtained according to different formulations. Glass fiber composites have become an important application area in radiation curing products and can be used in large spacecraft. Radiation-curable coatings can also be used for optical fiber coatings and have a high refractive index (>1.55) with a curing speed of up to 1000 m/min. In addition, it has also been widely used in the production of large-scale integrated circuits and liquid crystal displays. UV-cured primers, inks, and protective varnishes have also been used on sporting goods, including skis, rackets, fishing rods, and golf balls. Metallic coil UV/EB curing research has achieved results. In addition, the UV coating of steel pipes has also begun to be used in Europe, and good corrosion resistance can be obtained.
5 International Development Trends
Although Japan started late, it experienced a period of rapid development in the 70s and 80s, and it has gained enormous economic benefits, especially in the coating of automotive parts and electronic devices and printing inks. So far, Japan still maintains an annual growth rate of more than 10%. Moreover, due to the development needs of the wood market, coatings for construction materials may continue to grow at a greater rate. Japan has at least three electron accelerator manufacturers, and as of March 1992, in addition to exporting, they have also equipped 280 domestic units for radiation curing lines and pilot studies.
Since the early 1990s, the European economy was in its most depressing period after World War II. In spite of this, radiation curing applications in Europe are barely affected, although the growth rate has declined compared to previous years. The development of European accelerators is relatively early and the application areas are relatively common, mainly in the wood finishing and printing industries. More than 100 units have been used in curing lines, laboratory research and pilot tests. North American industry encountered a strong challenge of reducing environmental pollution, which caused the average annual growth rate of UV/EB curing products to be around 11% between 1988 and 1993, and it is expected to continue to increase at this rate in the future. Among them, wood finishing is subject to the greatest pressure, limiting the use of low solids coatings and promoting water-based finishes. In recent years, the printing industry has also been under increasing pressure to reduce the use of solvents and develop low viscosity UV/EB curable lithographic and screen printing inks.
In the next five years, it is expected to grow at an annual rate of over 30%. Considering the development field, Japan has shifted its focus to long-distance communications and electronic instruments, liquid crystal displays, and color displays on the basis of rapid development of automotive parts, electronic devices, printing, and wood finishing since 1991. Photoresist and coating development for optical discs and compact discs for information transfer. Unlike Europe and Japan, new potential applications for UV/EB technology are: textile processing, leather finishing, dental materials, wood and plastic powder coating, cationic curing of can and foil coatings, and pressure-sensitive adhesives. North America will have potential development trends in five application areas, and will continue to maintain a rapid growth of 11% annual growth rate. The arduous task facing chemists in the field of radiation curing is to seek to develop low-viscosity, high-speed-curing oligomers, low-toxicity, high-activity multi-functional monomers, and more efficient and specific wavelength photoinitiators; For manufacturers, prolonging the life of UV lamps, improving output power and reducing heat generation, and reducing EB equipment costs and developing versatility are imperative. UV/EB processing has received strong support from environmental regulations and close attention from the industry. Concerns about environmental pollution are driving investment in radiation curing technology as a new industry.
In the next 5 to 10 years, developed countries and regions will continue to develop at an annual growth rate of over 10%. At the same time as this new technology continues to be accepted by developing countries, the application area will become more and more extensive. It can be predicted that with the establishment of overseas joint ventures in developed countries and regions or the output of products, the annual growth rate will increase substantially. In recent years, due to the sustained economic development in developing countries and with the continuous increase in people’s consumption requirements, UV/EB curing technology will replace traditional production lines in more and more companies and upgrade products. Therefore, UV/EB product consumption will have a new peak around the world.
China is in the stage of rapid development of the national economy, and the concept of consumption is undergoing a conceptual change. What's more, in recent years, with the rapid development of industry, the problem of environmental pollution has become more and more noticeable. It is imperative to reduce the use of volatile solvents in coatings, inks, and adhesives. The application of radiation curing processes is a matter of great interest in terms of reducing environmental pollution, protecting the ecology, saving energy, and improving product quality.
4.2 Application Status