First, the history of the four treasures of the study 1, the history of the pen Among the pen-like products, the brush can be regarded as a unique category in China. The traditional brush is not only a must-have for the ancients, but also has a distinctive power in expressing the special charm of Chinese calligraphy and painting. However, because the brush is fragile and difficult to preserve, the ancient pens that have been passed down to the present are very rare. The history of the manufacture of writing brushes is very long. As early as in the Warring States period, the use of writing brushes was quite developed. Chinese calligraphy and painting are inseparable from the use of writing brushes. There are many varieties of ancient pens. From the raw materials of the pens, there are rabbit hair, white wool, blue wool, yellow wool, sheep whiskers, horse hair, deer hair, mane hair, mane hair, raccoon hair, and mole hair. , rat, rat tail, tiger hair, wolf tail, fox fur, armpit hair, orangutan hair, goose feather, duck feather, chicken feather, mane hair, pig hair, fetal hair, human hair, thatch and so on. From the performance point of view, there is hard, soft, and nothing. From the texture of the pen tube, there are water bamboo, chicken bamboo, bamboo, brown bamboo, purple wood, chicken wing wood, sandalwood, nanmu, rosewood, fragrant wood, lacquer, green lacquer, screw, ivory, Rhinoceros, horns, horns, enamel, jade, crystal, glass, gold, silver, porcelain, etc., many of which are precious materials. From the purpose of the pen, there are landscape pens, flower pens, leaf rib pens, character pens, clothes pens, bone pens, colored pens, and so on. The earliest writing brush dates back more than 2,000 years. The source of the brush is generally thought to be the Mongolian monk in the Qin Dynasty, but the Zhu Shu and the ink left on the nail bones unearthed from the Yin Yin Market are written with a brush. It can be seen that the brush originated before the Shang dynasty, and the scorpion was actually the improvement of the brush. Although there is no such thing as a brush in the Western Zhou Dynasty, there are some signs of using the pen from the prehistoric painted pottery pattern and the oracle bones of the Shang Dynasty. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the brush and bamboo have been widely used to write. The brush of the Spring and Autumn Period was discovered in the tomb of Zenghou Yi of Lugudun, Suizhou City, Hubei Province. It is the earliest pen found. Later, the Warring States pen unearthed from Zuojiagong Mountain in Changsha City, Hunan Province, Qinhu, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, Qinbi, unearthed from Fangmatan, Tianshui City, Gansu Province, and Mawangdui, Changsha, and Fenghuang Mountain, Jiangling County, Hubei Province. Wuwei City, Gansu Province, Dunhuang City, Xuquanquan and Mahuanwan, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gujuyan area, Han and pen, Wuwei's Western Jin pen, etc. are rare and precious materials of the ancient times. 2, the history of ink The impression that ink gives people is a bit singular, but it is an indispensable item in ancient writing. With this original material, the artistic and artistic conception of Chinese calligraphy and painting can be realized. The world of ink is not boring, but rich in content. As a consumable, the ink can be presented as it is now, and it is very precious. Prior to the invention of artificial ink, natural ink or semi-natural ink was generally used as a writing material. The invention of ink is about to be later than the pen. Prehistoric painted pottery ornaments, Shang Zhou's oracle bones, bamboo and wood shackles, and calligraphy and paintings left traces of the original ink. According to the literature, ancient ink punishments (黥é¢), ink ropes (for woodworking), and ink turtles (divination) have also used ink. After this long journey, to the Han Dynasty, artificial ink finally appeared. This ink material is taken from loose smoke and is initially kneaded by hand. It is then molded and the ink is firm. According to the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Han Guanyi" records: "Shang Shuling, servant, sui, Lang, a month of joy, a large ink, a little ink." In the present Qianyang County, Shaanxi Province, near the end Nanshan, the mountain is very much loose, used to burn ink into the smoke, very famous. From the preparation of the tobacco material to the final completion of the product, which has to go through multiple processes such as glue, agent, steaming, and a molding process. The engraving of the ink mold is an important process and an artistic creation process. The shape of the ink is roughly square, rectangular, round, elliptical, irregular, and the like. The ink mold is generally composed of six blocks of front, back, upper, lower, left and right, and the circular or idol-shaped ink mold is only required to be composed of four or two plates. Built-in ink to tighten the finished product. Most of the notes are engraved on the side so that they can be easily replaced when the ink mold is reused. The appearance of the ink is various, and it can be divided into natural ink, lacquer ink, gilt ink and lacquer ink. The use of ink in Chinese painting is also very particular. Ink is divided into two types: "smoke" and "song". The soot is made of tung oil or added smoke; the loose smoke is made of pine-slurry. The characteristic of soot ink is that the color is black and shiny, and the luster is characterized by the color of the black ink and the dullness. Chinese paintings generally use soot, and only colored paintings occasionally use loose smoke. However, in the performance of certain matt objects such as ink butterflies, black velvet, etc., it is also best to use loose smoke. The ink of Chinese painting is generally processed into ink ingots. When we choose ink ingots, we must look at its ink color. It is best to see the blue-violet light in the ink, followed by the black one, and the red light or the white one is the worst. The method of grinding the ink is to use water, force it evenly, slowly grind it, and grind it until the ink is thick. Ink is fresh and freshly ground, and the ink that has been polished for a long time is called the ink. The ink is generally not available. But some painters like to paint with ink, which is only individual. We now have a variety of inks for painting and calligraphy, such as "Chinese ink", "Yi Dege", "Cao Sugong", etc., can be used on behalf of ink. 3. History of paper Paper is one of the four great inventions of ancient China. It has made outstanding achievements in the cultural communication in history. Even today, when mechanical papers are prevalent, some traditional handmade papers still have an irreplaceable role, and they have a unique brilliance. The ancient paper can still see its appearance in the ancient paintings and paintings passed down. What did people use as a material for a long time before the invention of paper? According to the literature and the physical data, the earliest people used the knot rope to make notes, and when they got a knot, they solved the problem. Later, he was engraved on the tortoiseshell bones, the so-called "Oracle". After the bronze was born, the bronze ware was cast inscribed on the bronze, that is, "Golden" or "Zhong Dingwen". Then, the words are written on bamboo and wood cut pieces, called "bamboo wood", such as the thick bamboo piece is called "ç‰". At the same time, some are also written on the suspicion of silk products. Before the Qin Dynasty, in addition to the above notes, the words carved on the stone, such as the famous "Shigu Wen", were also found. It is generally known that paper was invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, archaeological excavations in recent years have raised questions about this. With the progress of archaeological work along the Northwest Silk Road, many Western Han ruins and tombs have been discovered, and there are also many paper relics. These right papers were named according to where they were unearthed. From the chronological order of the ancient unearthed ancient papers, they can be arranged as: the early release of the Western Han Dynasty, the bridge paper, the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the bridge paper, the hanging spring paper, the horse circle paper, the Juyan paper, the late Western Han Dynasty . These papers are not only earlier than Cai Lun paper, but also have ink fonts on some papers, indicating that they have been used for writing instruments. 4, the history of ç š It is one of the four treasures of the Wenfang. It is written in ink and ink, and the pen, ink and enamel are inseparable. The origin of the pipa was very early, probably in the early days of the Yin dynasty. At the beginning, I used the pen to write graphite directly. Later, because it was inconvenient and I couldn't write big characters, humans thought that they could first grind into hard juice on hard things, such as stone jade, brick, copper, iron and so on. The bronze wares of the Shang Dynasty were very developed, and the terracotta was readily available. The enamel was gradually formed with the use of ink. In ancient times, sarcophagus was the most common. Until now, it has been the best of stone quality after many generations of tests. Oh, it's used for grinding ink. It requires fine moisture, easy to ink, and the ink is fine and slag-free. There are also species such as stone plaques, pottery figurines, brick plaques, and jade oysters. The most famous ones are the Duanyu of Guangdong and the oysters of Anhui. However, the use of paintings is not necessarily so particular. Generally, the kind of stone is good. The depth of the pond is slightly larger and covered. The ink is fast and the water is not volatile when it is ground. Second, the type of four treasures of the study 1, the type of pen There are many kinds of pens, and the ones that are used now are most important in terms of purple, wolf, sheep, and both. The purple pen is made from the back of the hare, and the name is named because it is black and purple. The rabbits in the north and the south have different levels of strength, and they also have a combination of North and South. The rabbit is tough, and it is said to be a healthy pen. It is a long-term and sharp, and it is suitable for writing the word of the right straight square. Bai Juyi Zi's pen music word cloud: "Purple pen tip is like a cone like a knife." The characteristics of the purple pen are very complete. However, because only the fur of the hare's back is available, its value is expensive, and Haoying is not long, so it is impossible to write a plaque. The wolf is literally written in the form of a wolf. The predecessors did indeed make a pen with a wolf; but today it is called the "milli" of the "rat" of the chinchilla, not the wolf. The record that the wolf saw was very late. Some people also used the "rat pen", which is a wolf, but it can be pushed to the king before the Jin Dynasty, but it is not certain. The weasel is only for the tip of the tail to make a pen, the nature is tough, second only to the rabbit and too sheep, it is also a pen. The shortcomings are similar to those of Zi, and they are not too big. Sheep are made of green sheep or yellow goats or tails. Before the beginning of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the new pens that had been improved in the Qin Dynasty had been made into pen materials. Calligraphy is the most powerful, the sheep is soft and has no front, and the book is also "weak and boneless", so the calligraphers of the past are rarely used. The sheep made a pen, which was popular only after the Southern Song Dynasty; it was widely used, but it was after the early Qing Dynasty. Because the Qing Dynasty pays attention to roundness and subtlety, it is impossible to reveal itself, so only the soft sheep can be used universally to meet the requirements of the time. The softness of the sheep is also poor. If it is properly matched with paper and ink, it can also express a rich and soft style, and it is cheap and easy to get. It has a long hair and can write large characters above half a foot. The two strokes are made of two or more kinds, and are named according to the mixing ratio, such as three purple seven sheep, five purple five sheep, and the like. The brush of the improvement of the monk, with the "deer hair as the pillar, the wool as the quilt", is a genius. At the same time, it takes a health and a soft match, and it is dominated by the health, and it is called the "column"; the softness is the outside, and the vice is called the "being". The length of the column is short, and it is called "there is a column with a pen". However, if there are many layers, there will be rabbits as the column, plus the shorter wool quilt, and then the length of the column and the length of the column, a total of three layers, so the root is extremely thick, the tip is thinner, more ink storage, easy write. The characteristics vary according to the mixing ratio, or just or soft, or just soft and moderate, and the price is cheap, which has its advantages. 2, the type of ink The change of ink color can express the charm of calligraphy, so the beauty of calligraphy is multicolored. The color of ink, such as painting, has a great effect. The types are different from graphite and loose smoke, which are described below: graphite Graphite is a natural thing, and it is a kind of rock that is "like the ink". There is no loose smoke in the ancient times. To write calligraphy, only graphite is used. There are also many certificates for using graphite as a book. However, graphite has never been heard since the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Graphite was used to make books. It was before Wei Jin and later replaced by loose smoke. Calligraphy was transferred to another new world. But today there is no more, and it will not be discussed here. Loose smoke After the loose smoke to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the status of graphite was replaced. The origin of the loose smoke was very early, and there were already famous pine smoke in the Han Dynasty. Among the famous ink masters of the past generations, the most famous one was Nan Ting Li Tinggui. According to legend, the texture is hard, not as good as graphite, and “its ink can cut wood, mistakenly fall into the ditch, and it is not bad for several monthsâ€. The famous ink-making masters of the later generations include Pangu, Yuan Wuguoliang, Mingcheng Junfang, Fang Yulu, and Cao Sugong and Hu Kaiwen since the Qing Dynasty. 3, the type of paper The main source materials of papermaking are mostly plant fibers, mainly bamboo and wood. The fibers of wood are flexible, and the paper made is strong in ink absorption; the fiber of bamboo is brittle and hard, and the paper made by it is weak in ink absorption. This is divided into two categories: Weak ink blotting paper: Made of many bamboo fibers, the paper surface is smooth, the ink floats on the surface, and it is not easy to open slowly, so the color is bright. It is mainly based on crepe paper, such as Chengxintang paper, mud gold enamel, and today's foreign paper. Chengxintang Paper: The famous paper used by the latter of the Southern Tang Dynasty is the same name as Tingui Mo. The characteristics are smooth and close, and it is called "slip as spring ice is as dense as a scorpion". It is a weak ink-absorbing paper, and it is called jade paper, and the second-order is called cold gold. "Light and brittle", that is, its characteristics. 蜀笺: It is said that Xiqiao passed Cai Lun's ancient method of making paper. It has been famous since the Tang Dynasty, such as Xue Taozhen and Xie Gongxuan. It is said that its water quality is pure, so its paper is excellent. "Xie Gongyu" is named after the teacher's reputation. Because there are ten colors, it is also called ten-color enamel. "Xue Taoyu" is named after Tao, but this kind of colored crepe paper is made according to the ancient method, the dyeing is easy to lose, it can't be passed for a long time, and it is played for entertainment. Tibetan paper: The Tibetan Buddhist scriptures are used by Buddhist temples to write or print Buddhist scriptures, also known as Jin Suyu, and there are two kinds of yellow and white. The muds and enamels commonly used by the Ming and Qing Dynasties are rarely seen today. Although the cold light is the lowest of the light, it is rare. Today, Japanese bird paper is generally used, but it is expensive and not durable, and it is not practical. Strong blotting paper: Made of multi-type wood fiber, strong ink absorption, surface sputum, ink drop paper, easy to spread, writing often add pulp or wax, brilliance is not as clear as paper, more subtle, mainly based on rice paper. Although it appeared later, it has replaced crepe paper and become the most valuable writing paper. Rice paper and imitation: Today's most expensive writing paper is the jade board. Yuban Xuan, Hesang, short section wood, rice straw and sandalwood are made of lime soaked, with the strongest ink absorption and the best texture. Xuan paper is named after Xuancheng in Anhui Province, but Xuancheng itself does not produce paper, but the surrounding real estate papers are all reasons for being declared as scattered places. Continue to talk about the famous jade board. This kind of paper is not for everyone to use, because it is very absorbing ink, so people who use the pen too slow, it is very hard to use: as long as the pen stops, the ink will seep out, forming a large ink group ! However, some people use its characteristics to write words with different flavors, such as Bao Shichen's light ink book, Qi Baishi's large freehand brushwork. Because rice paper is too hard to write, it is improved by someone: use twilight, or add glue, and add pulp. After the improvement, the ink absorption of the rice paper is slightly reduced, and it is easier to write. Unedged paper, yuan book paper and cotton paper: Rice paper is expensive, and it is often used in raw paper. This kind of paper was originally used for printing books, but because the paper quality is good, some people buy the book and then cut it to practice the word, so it is called "burr paper." The raw materials used in this paper are mainly bamboo, the color is yellow, and the texture is excellent. It has a big gap with the machine-made edging paper used by our primary and secondary school students' copybooks. Yuanshu paper and raw paper are similar, but they are gone. The cotton paper made by the province can also be regarded as this type. The texture is gradually good, quite tough, and the price is not very expensive. It can be used as a character. 4, the type of cockroaches End: It is said that the ç š ç š ç š ç š , , 而 而 而 而 而 ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š ç š. The end is the top product, and can be further graded. It was produced in Gaoshan, a high-tech city in Guangdong, and was named Duanzhou before Tang. The tidal water in the lower reaches of the mountain, from the third and fourth centuries of the river, gradually increases the quarrying of the lower rock, the middle rock, the upper rock, the Longyan, the crater, etc.; the lower rock cave is at the bottom of the mountain, soaking water all year round, and the meteorite is expensive, so The quality of Xiayan is the best. However, it is not easy to mine in the lower immersion in the water. It can only be accessed when the river is lowered every autumn and winter. There is no exit for the pool, and 70 people must be arranged in rows, one by one to upload the water to the rock. After doing this for a month, Tan Shui began to get into the stone. If the water rises next spring, it will have to come again. But if this is not the case, the stone made by Xiayan Stone can be so inked. "If you want to reduce the big things to the people, you must first work hard." However, when Xiayan went to the Northern Song Dynasty, it was mined. After the new pit or the middle and upper rocks, the quality would not be good. There is another feature of Duan Qi, which is "with eyes." Such as "Budgeri's Eye", "Big Eye", etc., it is said that Shi Nen has more eyes, Shi Lao has fewer eyes, but also has the quality of the eyes, the most important is the eye, and then the tears, dead eyes and so on. In fact, the so-called "eye" is the stone pattern, which is not necessarily related to quality. When you write, a lot of watery eyes are good, and you can increase the enjoyability of cockroaches. However, if the place is not good, it will affect the ink, but it is better than not. In addition, the color of the end stone is also considered to be related to the quality, such as purple, blue, white and other colors, and the best in white, the lowest in purple. The advantages of the end of the ,, one is the ink, the second is the ink, the third is not damaging. æ™ç š: It is also known as Duanqi, which was named after Guluzhou (now Wuyuan County, Anhui Province). It was a coincidence that the shackles of the shackles were in the case of Tang Kaiyuan. The hunter Ye’s chasing the beasts into the Great Wall, and seeing the stones there were cute and lovely, they brought a few pieces out and pondered into shackles. After the ages, his descendants will be given a state order, the state order is very fond of, and people are found to go mining, so they spread it. When he went to the Southern Tang Dynasty, he was obsessed with Han Mo, and he kept his offerings. The emperor was overjoyed and promoted him as an official. æ™ç š Because of Li’s name, the reputation is even greater than that of Duan. The official mining of the scorpion began in Nantang, and its location was also immersed in water, and the texture was moisturized. There is a "pattern", like the eye of the scorpion, the so-called ribbed enamel, that is, its stone pattern is like the Luogu scorpion. There are thick and thin lines, and the fine lines are the singularity of the singularity. The thick and thick ribs are also the top grades, which are both comparable to those of the end of the river. The eyebrows are sturdy, but the stone is like a human, and the name is the thrush, which is no different from the rib. The characteristics of æ™ç š are also like ç š , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Third, the selection method of the four treasures of the study 1, the selection method of the pen The pen has "four virtues", that is, "point, Qi, round, and health", which are introduced one by one: Tip: When the pen is gathered, the end should be sharp. The nib is easy to write and easy to express. Writers often refer to their pens as "bald pens," but when they are not pointed, they become bald pens. When buying a new pen, the vellus has a glue polymerization that is easy to distinguish. When checking the old pen, first wet the pen and gather the hair to distinguish the baldness. Qi: After the pen tip is opened and flattened, the tip is flush. If it is even if it is flat, the length will be equal, and there will be no gaps in the middle. Because the pen needs to be completely opened, it is impossible to check this when purchasing. Round: It means that the pen is perfectly filled with the shape of the jujube, which means that the hair is full. If the hair is full, the pen is full when writing, otherwise the body is thin and lacks pen power. The pen is perfect, and the pen is able to turn around. When you buy, there is glue in the hair, it is not complete, you can see it carefully. Health: that is, the waist elastic; lift the pen and press it, then return to the original state. If the pen is elastic, it can be used freely; in general, the rabbit is not as strong as the sheep, and the book is also strong and strong. In this regard, after the opening, the pen will be pressed again and the front will be healthy. The four virtues refer to the function of the pen itself. When selecting the pen, we must also take into account the rubbings of Linyi. The so-called "use a pen used by a family, and write his word" also. To judge which type of pen you are using, it is best to look at his handwriting directly: the style is strong, the choice is healthy; the position is fascinating, the choice is soft; . The characteristics of the pen also affect the calligraphy that is written, so that it can be in the mood of calligraphy. Another point is the font size, writing large characters with a large pen, writing small characters with a small pen. Write a small pen and a fragile pen and you can't make it easy. If you write a small pen, you can kill the chicken with a knife. 2, the choice of ink Quality: The first choice of ink is fine and detailed. The so-called coal ash obtained in the so-called coal is in the middle, no white ash is mixed, the glue can be even, the two are completely integrated, so the texture is pure, the palate is naturally silent. This point only needs to be grounded naturally, and it cannot be fully understood. Glue light: It means that the rubber should not be too heavy. If it is too heavy, it will be sticky and stagnation. It is too light and has no brilliance. "Where a pound of coal, the ancient method uses two pounds of glue." This is the "golden ratio" of coal and rubber, the so-called "on the glue." It is not good if the glue is too light or too heavy, but the method of selection must be known after writing. If the ink is thick but not sticky, it is easy to apply the pen, which is good. There is also another way to judge by light weight, the glue is more light, and if the glue content is moderate, there is no feeling of being distorted and light. Quality: The texture of the ink is hard and the water is not easy to be used. Li Yangui’s “can cut wood†is just like this. If the ratio of glue to coal in the ink making is the same, the number of times is enough to make it fully inseparable to the extent of inseparability, and the texture is naturally fine and hard. The ink is black and bright: The black of ink is because of coal, too much will be black and dull; bright is because of glue, too much light is not black, it is difficult to make ink, it is difficult to mix coal and glue, so-called "glue method", both The name is half, it is black and shiny, just like Helen's fairy silk... As for black, it is not black and bright, just like watching people's hair is good or bad, look at it with eyes~ The ink is fragrant and light: Ink is made of stinky coal and perishable animal glue. Therefore, it is necessary to add some spices, such as dragon scorpion, etc., to give off a pleasant fragrance, and secondly to prevent corrosion, but the content needs to be moderate, too much will reduce coal and The composition of the glue is too small to achieve the effect, and it is not good. 3, paper selection method The texture is flexible and thick: When choosing paper, the texture is the most important. The paper with poor texture is easy to damage the pen, and it is not easy to save. The ancient and famous papers are not known for their quality. For example, Chengxintang paper is “tight as the 玺â€, and the jade plate is “flexibleâ€. ,durable". The toughness of the paper is the best, and it can be known by visual inspection. White color: If the paper is not white, it is not good raw materials, or the water quality is not good, it is not a good paper. The white jade board is made of sandalwood as the raw material, and the enamel is “making paper with the Huanhuatan waterâ€. If it is dyed, it must be pure and white, which is the paper of good nature, but the dyed paper is not easy to pass for a long time. If you want the work to be placed in the Palace Museum after 100 years, it is better to avoid it. White and white can be understood with your eyes, this does not require me to say more. Moderate surface: The surface of the paper has a smooth and rough surface; it is smooth and easy to write, but if it is too slippery and the pen is sloppy, there is no penpower. If it is rough, it is opposite, it is easy to get the pen, but it is too It is difficult to apply a pen, and it is easy to damage the pen. This can be distinguished by visual and tactile sensations. Moderate ink absorption: Paper must be able to enter the ink, otherwise the ink floating paper table is easy to fall off and cannot be stored for a long time. In general, rice paper is strong in ink absorption, while paper is the opposite. The ink absorption is too strong. If the pen is slightly slower, then the dots are drawn into ink. However, if the ink absorption is too weak, it is not easy for the ink to enter the paper. Therefore, when choosing paper, you should consider the speed of the book and the personal pen. It is better to use ink to feed the paper but not to be a "group". If the store allows it, you can use the ink to try it. According to the rubbings, choose paper: Linyi rubbings, if required to resemble a god, not only must pay attention to the pen, paper is also one of the conditions. Select the paper first to distinguish its ink absorption, depending on the degree of paper entry of the original, more paper is selected to use strong blotting paper, and vice versa. If you can't get a glimpse of the ink, such as the slate, you can also distinguish it from its customs, the sharpness is revealed, the gods are smashed, and the paper is used more; the warm and subtle, the windy and introverted, you can use the rice paper. Choose paper according to personality: Of course, personal preferences are also considered. Otherwise, if you buy back paper that you don't like, you just don't want to use it. If you are in a hurry, you should choose strong ink-absorbing paper. If the ink can be fed into the paper, if the stroke is slow, you can choose weak ink-absorbing paper. Otherwise, the ink group will jump on the paper, but it is not wonderful. 4, the choice of ç š Mainly stone: The coffin is solid, copper, jade, brick, tile, pottery, stone are all, and there are many gold people who use jade as the top, which is called top grade. However, there are fewer people, and it is practical and has a variety of specials to push the stone, while others do not use some. Moisture has light: The most expensive and moisturizing stone, the end and the furniture are famous for this, because if it is not moist, the water in the ink is easily absorbed, resulting in a concentration that is too high and the pen is difficult to transport. The end, the meteorite immersed in the stream for a long time, so it has a light, moist or not can be seen. Fine texture: The fine texture of the vermiculite is smooth, easy to grind, and the finely ground ink can be evenly fined; this kind of enamel not only inks, but also does not damage the pen, and both ends and scorpions are the most. If the surface is not flat, there will be sound on the upper jaw, the ink will be rough and uneven, and the stroke will be damaged. This can be visual, tactile, and observing, and it is not difficult to understand. Hard and weak: Stone is hard---nonsense, can you imagine grinding on a group of cotton jelly? ─ ─ If the stone is too strong, the sound of the buckle is also relatively strong and weak, and the low sound is bad. Therefore, the stone is suitable for running, and the moist is not rigid. The so-called "poor soft", stone is hard and soft, but it has a gentle nature, so it can be inked for a long time. When the election is selected, the sound of the buckle is higher and the quality is weaker, and the one with lower rhyme is better. Fourth, the maintenance method of the four treasures of the study 1, the maintenance method of the pen Maintenance with a good pen is also very important. To enable the new pen, you must open the pen first. The pen that I bought will be soaked in "warm water", and the time of soaking water should not be too long. It can be "opened" by the pen, and the gelatin of the pen can not be opened. Otherwise, it will become a "hair brush". Fall off. Purple is harder and should be immersed in water for some time. The pen is a necessary job before writing. You can't write with a pen. The method is to first soak the pen with water, then lift it up, and not dip it for a long time, so as to avoid the gelatinization of the pen root. After that, the pen is hung upside down until the pen is restored toughness, which is about ten minutes. The pen must be dry when it is preserved. If it is not a pen, it will become brittle and fragile, and its elasticity will be poor. After that, I can start writing. This "ink" is also very university-required. In order to achieve uniformity and make the ink penetrate into the pen, the water must be drained first, and the pen can be dragged on the absorbent paper until it is dry. The so-called "dry" is not completely dry, just go to the water to contain the ink. "The pen is three points, not deep into the weak and weak," but the ink is too dry, can't run freely, and the ink is weak and weak. Wash your pen immediately after writing. The ink has a gelatinous color. If it is not washed, the pen will adhere to the ink and the glue firmly after being dried. It is not easy to open when it is used again, and it is easy to break the pen. After washing, first drain the remaining water and smooth it out (before entering the ink). Hang the pen on the pen holder and let the remaining water continue to drip until it is dry. It should be placed in a cool place to dry, in order to preserve the original shape and characteristics of the pen, not exposed to the sun. Keep the essentials of the pen to dry. 2, the use of ink Gradually add with clear water: It is necessary to add water to the ink. If the water is mixed with impurities, the ink that is ground is not pure. As for the addition of water, the first thing is not too much, so as not to dip the ink, or the ink is splashed, so that it is better to gradually add it. Mo Zheng: Liu Gongquan has the so-called "pen-positive", so is the grinding of ink, and the heart is positively inked. If the ink is not skewed, it is neither elegant nor evenly polished. Tight and moderate: When the ink is used, the force is too light and too heavy, too fast and too slow, and the ink must be thick and uneven. Excessive force, slow speed, wasted time and ink float; excessive force, speed is too fast, the ink is thick and raw, and the color is dull. The correct method should be “refer to push and pushâ€, light and heavy, not too urgent. Moderate concentration: Here to clarify, even Dong Qichang's light pen is written in thick ink, the difference is the amount of ink, not the ink. If the ink contains too much water, the pen will spread rapidly on the paper, forming a group of inks of different sizes and shapes. How can there be strokes? But don't overdo it, it's terrible to take a thick ink like a semi-condensed jelly. Also remember to use white paper, thick ink is better, if you use colored paper, you can be a little light. With the wear and tear: The ink must be freshly ground. If the ink is left for more than one day, the glue and coal will gradually separate. The ink is not radiant and can not last forever. Therefore, it is easy to fade with the ink. The ready-made inks sold on the market, some of which are heavy and stagnate, some are too low in concentration, the paper is easy to open, and there are many preservatives, which are vulnerable to the pen and should not be used. Storage and storage: After the ink is finished, the ink will be taken out, and the Dianchi Lake will not be placed. Otherwise, the glue will stick to the Dianchi Lake. It is not easy to remove after drying, and it can prevent moisture and softness. Do not expose to the sun to avoid drying. Therefore, it is best to put it in the bowl, it can be protected from moisture, and it is the best way to avoid direct sunlight and dust. 3, the use of paper Yiping: It must be laid flat when writing, and it is easy to write; if the paper is wrinkled, it is not easy to write. Only when someone wrote the ancient 篆 ,, deliberately wrinkled the paper in order to seek mottled and ancient meaning. Clean: The filth on the paper will affect the movement of the pen and the ink, and the dust will also affect the pen. If it is mixed with the ink, the ink is neither strong nor radiant. This is only a small matter, but it is also very important! Partition: Calligraphy and calligraphy, writing the most important method, so the "book", "Fa" and said that the special weight frame and chapter method, the layout of the chapter has a vertical row of points, the standing frame has nine palaces, Tianzi, meters. There are also differences between the lines and the darkness. It is especially important for all the ancestral sects, especially the sacred books. It is said that the Tang people emphasize the "law" and do not hesitate to look at the famous masters of the law. The rigor of the law is unprecedented. Therefore, Jiugong was founded in the Tang Dynasty. The divisions also need to be determined by the book. The most strict stipulations and stipulations of the stipulations should be neat and tidy. The ranks of the squadrons can be drawn, and the grasses must be straight, and it is not advisable to add horizontal rows to avoid binding the hands and not to let them stand. The bright line should be thin, so as not to hinder the gallbladder, the dark line should be light, and it is not necessary to apply it to avoid damage to the paper. If the origami is easy to wrinkle, it will hinder the pen and must be avoided. fixed: The paper should be fixed when writing. If the paper moves with the pen, the word can't be handled with ease. In addition to pressing the paper with the left hand, the method can also be pressed in place with the ruler to fix the paper. Pad absorbent cloth: When you write with a pen full of ink, you will be hit by a heavy press, force the paper back, and the ink will permeate the paper, not only will stain the table, but the stroke will also damage the picture. Therefore, it is necessary to use absorbent paper or cloth under the paper to suck the oozing ink and keep the picture neat. Dry delivery: Everyone knows the end of the delivery of the ink when the ink is not dry! A good word is more "mirror" than a word, and sometimes it is really dumbfounding. Also, don't be smart enough to "work dry" or use a toilet paper to dry, which will not only make the ink easy to fall off, but also damage the ink color. When you pack it, don't fold it at will, so as not to damage the paper. Collecting dry places: Paper is damp and rotten, too dry and cracked, so if you want to make your work long and long, keep it in a dry and cool place. Others such as insects should also pay attention. 4, how to use ç š Normal water storage: ç š also need to moisturize, usually need to change the water storage every day, Dianchi should not be short of water, the former person is called "nurturing research." Use water for replacement: Don't be lazy, just use the water to grind the ink, and don't think that the ink that is ground with tea or sugar will have "no special features". These things and the ink will make the ink color greatly reduced, and you can't ink. Hot water hurts the ink, remember to avoid it. Brush after use: After the meteorite is used, the excess ink must be removed, and it must not be allowed to condense on the enamel. Otherwise, the residual ink will form a slag block, the first hinders the grinding, the second hurts the pen, and damages the kneading surface. If mixed with new ink, there is no benefit of ink or ink. When washing, you can use loofah and other things to help, but you can not wipe hard with hard things, so as not to hurt the smooth, beautiful and generous face. If you need to bring out the field, it is best to dry it, do not use paper to wipe, so as not to leave debris, mixed with ink. New ink light grinding: The new ink is sharp and angular. If it is hard to damage the surface, it can be used gently. Remove the ink: After the ink is inspected, the ink must be taken out and not placed in the bubble. Otherwise, the ink and the rubber are difficult to remove and are prone to damage. If you accidentally stick it, don't pull it hard. You can use the water to moisten it, rotate the ink in the original place, and then take it out after it is loose. Five, the use of the four treasures of the study In the ancient study room study, in addition to the four main stationery such as pen, ink, paper, and enamel, there are also some other matching equipment, which are also an indispensable member of the stationery family. In the Ming Dynasty, Tu Long described more than forty kinds of stationery items in "Stationery Yabian", which are usually more common: Pen æŽ: Also known as pen ç š, used for ink inspecting or straightening the pen, often made into a sheet-like leaf shape. Arm rest: also known as the secret cabinet, arm rest, wrist pillow, when writing, it is anti-ink stained hands, under the arm. It is arched and has many bamboo products. Poetry: Everyday singing and books are placed after the poems. Mostly bamboo, take the meaning of elegant. The pen holder: also known as the pen case, the pen rest, for the use of the pen. It is often shaped like a mountain, and the recess can be placed. There are also characters and animals, or natural old tree roots. Pen holder: Insert the pen when it is not in use. More materials, porcelain, jade, bamboo, wood, paint are seen in the production. Or round or square, there are also plants or his shape. Pen wash: After using the pen, wash the ink. Mostly scorpion-shaped, also made of mosaic or his shape. Ink bed: The ink is slightly stopped during the grinding process, because the ink is wet, for temporary ink retention. Ink: used to store ink ingots. Mostly lacquered, to protect against moisture. Gold paint is often used on the lacquer surface, or it is inlaid with screws. Paperweight: Also known as Shuzhen, used for pressing paper or pressing books to keep paper and paper flat. Often used for various animal shapes. Water Note: Water is injected into the surface for grinding. It is often used as a round pot, a square pot, and has a mouth. It is also often used for animal forms such as evil spirits, cockroaches, and pheasants. ç š Drop: Also known as water droplets, book drops, storage of water for the purpose of grinding ink. ç šåŒ£: Also known as the ç š box, the use of the platform. It is better to use purple, ebony, watercress and paint. Seal: It is used in calligraphy and painting works. It is famous for its chapters and seals. It is made of Shoushan Stone, Qingtian Stone, Changhua Stone, etc. It also has copper, jade and ivory seals. Printing box: also known as the printing pad, the ink pool, and placing the ink. Mostly porcelain, jade, round and square, divided into two parts. I have already mentioned the characteristics of the four treasures of the Wenfang and the method of selecting and using them. Now I will further cooperate with them to achieve the limit of function. The ancients often wrote on the crepe paper with a pen and a flexible paper, so the pen can be arbitrarily matched. The weakly blotting paper can be written with a pen, and a soft pen can be used, so the weak blotter can also be used with any pen. This method is the principle of paper and pen, and the special rules of soft pen and strong ink are as follows: Strong blotter paper is suitable for matching with the pen: The strong ink-absorbing paper is represented by rice paper, because it has strong ink absorption. When the pen touches the paper, the ink is quickly opened. If the stroke is slightly shorter, the strokes are made into ink; while the sheep's pen is softer. If the pen is slightly urgent, the ink will not penetrate easily, and the word will be vain and weak. Therefore, using the pen to write fast can match the strong blotter paper. The two can work together to do their best. In the case of the teacher’s secretary, Yun: “It’s not easy to use the sheep’s pen to make a word on rice paper. Because the ink absorption of rice paper is too strong, when the ink enters the paper, the ink will break into the fiber and quickly infiltrate. Open, the pen runs a little slower, the paper is black and black, and the sheep is soft, running a little, that is, the front is slightly over the paper, the vertical can not be attached to the paper." Therefore, strong ink-absorbing paper, only with health It can match at the beginning. Soft pen should be equipped with weak ink-absorbing slippery paper: Soft pens are softer, and it is not easy to use the personal characteristics of the strong and resolute, so the calligraphers of the past generations use more pens, which are useful for soft pens. In fact, although the soft pen is weak, as long as the paper is properly selected, you can also write a very rich and subtle word. The soft pen is suitable for weak blotting paper, and the finger is used as the class. Although it is crisp and hard, and the smooth ink absorption is weak, the slowdown of the pen can also make it easy to turn. Calligraphers such as Zhang Zhao, Liang Tongshu and Wang Wenzhi of the Qing Dynasty were all written in the pen. Its crepe paper or enamel style is fascinating, warm and subtle, creating another style. In the teacher Changqing, there is a saying: "Cover paper or sputum, sex does not absorb ink, ink sinks on the surface, to the sheep Supple, write a smooth paper, make it run, and it's very handy." Jian pen with thick ink: With the pen touching the ink, the relationship between ink and ink can be imagined. Roughly using a pen with a strong ink, the most capable of showing the strength of the arrogant force, Wang Hao once said: "Ink must be thick, the pen needs to be healthy, with a pen with strong ink, and the word is powerful and the rhyme floats." It is even true that the former generation of calligraphers did not take it for granted. Qing Liu is known for his strong ink, and the world has the reputation of “dense ink prime ministerâ€.淡墨柔笔并éžä¹¦äººç‰¹å¥½ä¹‹é…åˆï¼Œä½†å…¶å®žæ˜¯åˆ«å…·ç‰¹è‰²çš„，富有姿媚之韵，王文治善于淡墨柔毫，世称之“淡墨探花â€ï¼Œä¹Ÿæ˜¯æžä¸ºé€‚åˆçš„。 ç¬”å¢¨çº¸ç šä¹‹è°ƒé…： ç¬”å¢¨ç šä¸‰è€…å®žæ˜¯å¯†ä¸å¯åˆ†çš„ï¼Œç šå°ä¸å¥½çš„，若端æ£å¯Œå…‰æ³½æ˜Žäº®ï¼Œæžæ˜“下墨与å‘å¢¨ã€‚æ‰€è°“â€œå¢¨åœ¨ç šä¸ï¼Œéšç¬”旋转â€ï¼Œâ€œå¢¨é€¾åšè€…，其æ‹çŸ³ä¹Ÿå¼¥ç”šâ€ï¼Œå…¶å…³ç³»ä¹‹å¯†åˆ‡å¯è§†è€Œå¾—知ï¼å·¥å…·è‹¥å¦‚手足般é…åˆï¼Œå¿…èƒ½ä½¿ä¹¦æ³•è¾¾åˆ°å°½å–„å°½ç¾Žä¹‹å¢ƒç•Œä¹Ÿï¼ Rolling Pin,Colorful Rolling Pin,Kitchen Rooling Pin,Plastic Rolling Pin Yangjiang Homelife Industry & Trading Co., Ltd. , https://www.bettyhomelife.com
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