The application and development of engraving printing 5

The fifth quarter of the invention and development of printing

First, the principle and origin of lithography

The lithography was developed on the basis of monochrome lithography. It is also a significant contribution of the Chinese people to the history of the world's printing.

Ordinary engraving printing can only print one color at a time, or black, or Zhu, or blue, basically ink. For more expensive books, or the first brush, sometimes red or blue. This type of printing is called; monochrome;,; single printing; Offset printing is different. It prints several different colors on one sheet of paper. At the beginning, people were in different parts of a plate, painted different colors and printed once. Strictly speaking, this can't be regarded as overprinting; it can only be called; coloring; Later, we invented the parts that would require different colors, engraved into the same size and size respectively, and printed them one by one on a piece of paper. This technical method is called stenography, also known as "overprint." Books printed in this way are called "overprint books." At the beginning of the invention of the stencil printing, it was mainly printed in two colors, Zhu and Mexico. The books printed in this way are called the "Chu ink printing book," or "double printing." Later, to further develop the use of three-color, four-color, five-color overprint books, according to the number of colors, the printed book is known as "three-color cover printing", "four-color cover printing," "five-color cover printing," etc. .

The appearance of overprint books originated from the ancient period of writing books. In the era of manual copying, in order to achieve the effect of facilitating reading or making the pages of the book more beautiful, people used Zhu and Mo or two colors to copy books and write books. According to records, by the first century AD, the ancients had adopted this method. Among the books recorded in the "Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi" are the "Spring and Autumn Zuozhuan Zhu Mobi" written by Jia Wei (30-101) in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which shows that Jia He has used Zhu Mo two colors to write scripture and Passed on. Later, Dong Yu was famous for his research on Zuo Zhuan. He also wrote a book titled Zhu Moi Bi Yi. This type of copy of "Spring and Autumn Period" is a copy of two colors, which brings great convenience to research and reading. In the sixth century, some people copied the "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" and Tao Hongjing's "Ben Cao Gai Zhu", and used Zhu color to make original text and ink to write annotations. In the Tang Dynasty, Lu Deming's "Interpretation of the Essays" was written in the first volume of the book; in the Regulations, there are; Ways to write verses and transcripts separately.

Writing in two colors in the same leaf book requires very careful and unquestioned assurance and it is not easy to do it. As a result, there was a copy of the book written in a single ink, and where there was a need to make a distinction, use the method of adding Zhu Dian. The classic “Explanation Essay” written in the Dunhuang Stone Room is the most typical example. The book is written in all ink colors, and only points in the scriptures to show the difference between the classics and the biography. In spite of this, as time goes by, it is difficult to avoid mixing the notes with each other and making mistakes.

After the promotion of printing, it created extremely convenient conditions for the mass production of books and played an active role in promoting the development of social library culture. However, printing plates, one edition and one printing, are printed in monochrome only. It is even more difficult to distinguish different content with one color. At this point, the description of books has become increasingly diverse. In addition to sparse note-booking, the forms of compilation of books, batches, batches, commentaries, etc. have also begun to flourish. How can we adapt to the characteristics of printed books? People are experimenting with new methods again. Initially, using brush and color, hand-printed dots were added to distinguish differences in content. After that, it was improved and other options were chosen. Such as: in the printing of the text with the difference between yin and yang. In the Song Dynasty, the combination of "Ben Cao Shen Nong" and "Materia Medica" was written in white in the original Shennong, and ink was used in famous doctors, or in the use of large and small characters to distinguish the difference in content. Print annotations, or use ink, brackets, and other things. However, it is not as good as directly using different colors to distinguish between effects. Therefore, how to make a printed book like a written book do the separation of ink and ink, has become an urgent issue that needs to be solved in printing. After repeated practice, books overprint came into being.

Second, the invention and prevalence of stencil printing

Multi-color overlay printing is derived from the multicolor printing of textile printing in the Western Han Dynasty. The multicolor printing of books is related to multi-colored books. The Ming Ren Hu Yinglin said in the "Shuoshashanfangpen Cong": "Everyone who has a print of Zhu, a Mexican, an ape, a double seal, a single seal, a double seal, and Zhu Bigui use it again." Here, double-printing refers to overprinting; this is the earliest record of the overprinting of Chinese (book) documents, so people initially cut off the invention of overprinting in the Ming Dynasty. In fact, the Ming Dynasty was the prevalence of stencil printing.

In 1941, it was discovered that in the Yuan Dynasty, from the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan six years (1340), the “Anonymous King Kong Jing Annotations” carved by the Jinfu Temple in Zhongxing Road (present-day Jiangling, Hubei Province) was printed in two colors. Its verses are red, the annotations are black, and the first etched with glossy ganoderma is also a two-color. This is the kind of two-color overprint book with the earliest time in China. The two-color overprinting of the “Diamond War Jingyi” from the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Sixth Period is the oldest overprinting book, not the earliest overprint product. This point in the historical school still needs further study and discussion. The original deposit of Nanjing, is now in Taiwan. Therefore, it can be assumed that the time for China's lithography to print books will not be later than the fourteenth century.

Due to the complexity of overprinting technology, engraving a book is more time-consuming, costly, and costly than printing in a single version. It is difficult to promote in the masses. Therefore, it has not been widely used for a long time. It was only later in the Ming Dynasty that it became popular. The earliest printed book of the Ming Dynasty in the present era is the "Five Collections of the Yuan Garden" which was printed in the Wanli years. It was originally printed as a single printed copy, formerly known as "Fan Fan", and was published by Huang Shangwen from Yixian County, Anhui Province in 1602. Cheng Qilong's drawing and Huang Yingrui were printed and printed. Content is a biography of women from the Qin Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. The "Five Yuans of Yuan Garden" was based on the original edition from 1602 to 1607. It was published by double-printing with the use of lithography. It was printed in black and white, and it was criticized and punctuated by Zhu Seyin. Another of the earliest surnames in the present Ming Dynasty is the "Cheng's ink court" engraved by the workers of Yixian County around 1605. The book has applied color, but it is still printed in two editions. Other colors are used for painting.

The reason why overprint printing was widely used in the late Ming Dynasty was due to its historical and cultural reasons. First of all, the prosperity of the socio-economic culture in the Ming Dynasty, and the rapid development of engraving and printing technology, reaching a more sophisticated situation, these provide a good material basis and technical conditions for the use of overprint. Secondly, an important reason for the widespread use of stencil printing is the prevalence of the ancient book culture that has emerged in the Ming Dynasty.

Since the sixteenth century, a group of scholars such as Yang Shen, Gui Youguang, and Mao Kun set off an upsurge in the approval of ancient books. They approve books not only in two colors but often in four or more colors. It was even more difficult to reflect on the monochrome engraving. For example, in 1593, Mei Qingsheng had to use the symbol to replace the color when he was preaching Yang Shen's point book. He wrote in the book "The school engraved by Mr. Yang Shengqi, Wen Xin Diao Longyin note", and said: "Yang Yongxiu used red, yellow, green, blue, and white colored pens, and it cannot be colored at this moment, because it makes five differences." Replace it. The red circle is for 艨, and the dots are for ★; its yellow circle is for ◆, and the dot is for ★; its green circle is for □, and the dot is for △; its cyan circle is for ·, and dot for ★; its white circle is for ○, and dot for ★. The name of the person is used in the oblique angle, and the name of the place name is in the long circle. The present name and place name have been divided into notes. The two methods have no use. For the method of Yang Shen’s criticism, the “Legend” states that: “Fifty Dragons” has fifty articles. Yang Youxi has criticisms, one is on top of it, or the general or another, and the current batch is attached to the end of the book. The other batches are included in this paragraph, using double lines and small words for the viewers. Such a work-around approach is both complex and unsatisfactory. Only actively adopting the advanced technology of overprinting can fully reflect the intention of the original work and achieve eye-catching, beautiful and convenient reading results.

Third, the Ming Dynasty Ling, Ling two sets of printed books

About ten years after the engraving of "Yi Yuan" and "Mei Yuan," the typo technology was transferred from Huizhou to Wuxing in Huzhou. Wuxing is located in West Zhejiang Province, where there are abundant products and developed transportation. Many famous Confucian scholars came from the past and have a strong cultural and academic atmosphere. This provides good conditions for the prosperity of lithography.

Wu Xing first used inset printing to imprint books. It is best known for its rapid development. Qi Ji Qi, word and five, number five, later years since the number; three mountains rush; born in Ming Wanli three years (1575). He is devoted to the study of ancient books and the publication of books. He is the author of the book "The Six Books". In the forty-four year (1656) of Wanli, fifteen volumes of the first edition of the book Spring and Autumn Zuo Zhuan were printed. In his book, "The Case", he said: "Every person who has criticized the punctuation in the old engravings will have the original ink-print and Yilin will be disgusted with it." This time, another edition is written, the ink is used for criticism, and the criticism is made by Zhu. If the school does not read the 35th question, and the knife is not counted, it is not worthwhile. There is ink. He pointed out his understanding of the characteristics of the overprinting: the old engraving is unpopular, and the use of overprinting facilitates the reading of the students; however, the overprinting of the book is required, and the cost is very high. of. At the end of the book, there were inscriptions; Wan Li, Bingchenxia, ​​Wu Xingyi, Qi Hua, Yan Qiqi, and Si Xiangtai passed through. In the fall of the same year, one volume of each of the Tan Gong and the Kao Gong Ji was printed. "Tan Gong" has the order of the Qiang: "Huang Ming Wanli BingChenqiu in September, when you are successful, you can make a smile. It reflects the joy of using the lithography technique to print books. In the second year, he began to print books in three colors and engraved into the second volume of "The Old Man of Su Laoquan." His practice is: to keep their old; to maintain the original written appearance, according to the different colors of the base, respectively overprint, that is, two sets of editions, a Zhu, a Yi, from two to three colors, the printed book is more For clarity and beauty. "Mencius" is the earliest existing tricolor overprint.

Later, in 1619, it was carved into 9 volumes and 5 volumes of "Mandarin"; in 1620, it was written into 2 volumes and 2 volumes of the "Gao Ci"; 8 volumes of "Korean" and 3 volumes of "Yi", and "Spring and Autumn Period Liang Chuan". , "Spring and Autumn Rams Biography", three-color overprint the "Duelson seven words" a volume of more than 10 kinds of books.

In addition to Qi Jixue, there were more than 30 people including Yan Qihua, Yan Qihuan, Qi Xiangtai, Qi Yuyu, Zhai Mingzhao, Zhai Zhensheng, Zhai Zhenye, Zhai Mingyi, Zhai Riying, and Jierrong. Printing business. For example: Yu Yulu engraved five volumes of "Sun Tzu Participate in the Same Project", four volumes of "The History of Correspondence", and five volumes of "The Collection of Selected Works". They were printed in the first year (1621) of the first year of Yan Buzhao, Yan Mingzhao, and Qiu Yuanchao. In "Wen Zhi", the sound is engraved with the "Four Sorrows", and the "Initial Dynasties" thirty volumes are written by Yan and Huan. In the second year of Qiqihua Tianqi (1622), thirty volumes of "Selected Works of Mr. Sun Yuefeng" were printed. The wall carvings of "Selected Poems", "Flower Room Collection", "Cao Tang Shi Yu", Qi Zhensheng, and Zhen Zhenye's "The Tang Poems" and "Eastern Poem Collection" have six volumes, and Muir engraved "Su Wen" in six volumes. The books written by Mou Shi are rich in content and diverse in variety. The classics, history, sons, and collections are all prepared. Until Ji Zhenye et al.'s "Shi Ji Banknote" 91 and 24 volumes